Like other earnings and realized gains on investments, dividend income is taxable. The tax rate on dividends, however, is dependent on a number of factors, including your taxable income, the type of dividend, and the kind of account that holds the investment. This means that the amount of the tax that you owe on dividends can vary.
Let's take a closer look at the various factors that can affect how much tax you owe on the dividends you earned in 2022 and any you earn in 2023.
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Are dividends taxed?
Are dividends taxed?
The short answer to this question is that yes, in most cases, the IRS taxes dividend income. A more complete answer is yes, but not always; it depends on a few circ*mstances. Let's look at some exceptions.
A common exception is dividends paid on stocks held in a retirement account such as a Roth IRA, traditional IRA, or 401(k). These dividends are not taxed since most income or realized capital gains earned by these types of accounts is tax-deferred or tax-free.
Taxable Income
Taxable income is the amount of income subject to taxation after deductions and exemptions.
Another exception is dividends earned by anyone whose taxable income falls into the three lowest U.S. federal income tax brackets. For single filers, if your 2022 taxable income was $41,675 or less, or $83,350 or less for married couples filing jointly, then you won't owe any income tax on dividends earned. The numbers increase to $44,625 and $89,250, respectively, for 2023.
There are also some types of events that pay a dividend-like income that is not taxable. The most common event is a return of capital. In this case, the company is sending you money much like a dividend, but it's classified as a return on some of the capital that you invested. While not taxable today, receiving this type of dividend could increase your future taxes since your capital gain on the stock is increased by the amount of the dividend that you received.
Here's a specific example: If you pay $20 for a single share and the company sends you a $0.50 dividend payment classified as a return of capital, then your cost basis decreases to $19.50. If you sell the share in the future for a profit, then that's an extra $0.50 that's subject to capital gains taxes.
How to determine the tax
How to determine owed tax on stock dividends
Whether you owe taxes on a dividend depends on three factors:
- Type of investment account: You may owe tax on dividends earned by stock held in a taxable brokerage account. You would not owe tax on dividends from stocks held in a retirement account, such as a Roth IRA or 401(k), or a college savings plan, such as a 529 plan or Coverdell ESA. There are exceptions to this tax immunity, though. Certain pass-through entities, such as master limited partnerships, can create tax obligations even for retirement accounts.
- Type of dividend: The tax rate, if any, depends in part on the type of dividend. A qualified dividend is eligible for a lower tax rate. An ordinary or nonqualified dividend gets taxed at the investor's ordinary income tax rate. Finally, a nontaxable distribution, such as a return of capital, isn't taxable.
- Your taxable income: Your tax bracket partly determines the tax rate applied to any dividends you earn, whether qualified or ordinary.
Here's a summary of when you won't pay tax on dividends:
- If your taxable earnings are in one of the three lowest federal income tax brackets and you receive qualified dividends.
- If the dividends are earned in a tax-deferred account such as one of those described above, even if your tax bracket is not one of the three lowest.
- If the dividend was a nontaxable dividend, such as a return of capital.
How much tax?
How much tax do you owe on dividends?
Now, let's examine how much tax is assessed on taxable dividends.
Dividends are taxed differently based on whether they are considered qualified or ordinary dividends under U.S. tax law. Qualified dividends get taxed at favorable rates, while nonqualified or ordinary dividends are taxed at your ordinary income tax rate. For a dividend to be considered qualified for tax purposes, it must meet two main criteria:
- The dividend is paid by a U.S. corporation domiciled in a U.S. state or territory or a foreign corporation listed on a major U.S. stock exchange. That might sound like it includes most stocks, but keep in mind that the payouts from certain types of investments aren't treated as qualified dividends. Real estate investment trusts (REITs) and certain pass-through entities, including master limited partnerships, pay out distributions that are typically taxed as ordinary income rather than at the preferential rates reserved for qualified dividends.
- You owned the stock that is paying the dividend for more than 60 days within a specific 121-day holding period. The 121-day period begins 60 days before the ex-dividend date of the stock, which is exactly 60 days before the next dividend is distributed. The mandatory holding period prevents traders from earning tax-advantaged income on stocks that they hold for only a few days.
The following tables break down the current tax rates assessed on qualified dividends, depending on your taxable income and filing status in 2023:
| 2023 Qualified Dividend Tax Rate | For Single Taxpayers | For Married Couples Filing Jointly | For Heads of Household |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0% | Up to $44,625 | Up to $89,250 | Up to $59,750 |
| 15% | $44,625-$492,300 | $89,250-$553,850 | $59,750-$523,050 |
| 20% | More than $492,300 | More than $553,850 | More than $523,050 |
The next table presents the tax rates assessed on ordinary or nonqualified dividends in 2023, depending on your taxable income and filing status:
| 2023 Ordinary Dividend Tax Rate | For Single Taxpayers | For Married Couples Filing Jointly | For Heads of Household |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10% | Up to$11,000 | Up to $22,000 | Up to $15,700 |
| 12% | $11,000 to $44,725 | $22,000 to $89,450 | $15,700 to $59,850 |
| 22% | $44,725 to $95,375 | $89,450 to $190,750 | $59,850 to $95,350 |
| 24% | $95,375 to $182,100 | $190,750 to $364,200 | $95,350 to $182,100 |
| 32% | $182,100-$231,250 | $364,200 to $462,500 | $182,100 to $231,250 |
| 35% | $231,250 to $578,125 | $462,500 to $693,750 | $231,250 to $578,100 |
| 37% | Over $578,125 | Over $693,750 | Over $578,100 |
To summarize, here's how dividends are taxed, provided that the underlying dividend stocks are held in a taxable account:
- Qualified dividends are taxed at 0%, 15%, or 20%, depending on your income level and tax filing status.
- Ordinary (nonqualified) dividends and taxable distributions are taxed at your marginal income tax rate, which is determined by your taxable earnings.
Net Investment Income Tax
High earners may owe the Net Investment Income Tax
In addition to the dividend taxes described above, dividend investors with modified adjusted gross incomes of more than $200,000 (for single taxpayers) or $250,000 (for married couples filing jointly) are also subject to the Net Investment Income Tax. The tax is assessed regardless of whether the dividends received are classified as qualified or ordinary.
Related investing topics
The Net Investment Income Tax is an additional 3.8% tax that applies to dividend income as well as to realized gains. It increases the effective total tax rate on dividends and other investment income.
Yet even with this surcharge, qualified dividends are taxed at significantly preferential rates vs. regular income. The tax break doesn't reduce the risk of investing in the underlying stock, but it does allow you to keep more of your hard-earned gains for yourself.
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Firstly, the article rightly emphasizes that dividend income is taxable, drawing attention to the fact that the tax rate is contingent on various factors. These factors include taxable income, the type of dividend, and the nature of the investment account holding the assets. This nuanced understanding reflects a comprehensive grasp of the multifaceted landscape of dividend taxation.
The article introduces the concept of taxable income, underscoring that it is the amount subject to taxation after deductions and exemptions. This is a key foundation for understanding how dividends are taxed in relation to one's overall financial situation.
The distinction between qualified and nonqualified dividends is another critical aspect covered in the article. The delineation is based on two main criteria: the origin of the dividend (U.S. or foreign corporation) and the duration of ownership of the stock. This level of detail demonstrates a sophisticated knowledge of the tax code and its implications for investors.
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Furthermore, the article addresses the impact of events like returns of capital, elucidating that while such dividends may not be taxable immediately, they can influence future capital gains taxes. This forward-looking perspective showcases a nuanced understanding of the long-term consequences of different dividend scenarios.
The breakdown of tax rates on qualified and nonqualified dividends, with specific figures for different income levels and filing statuses, is a testament to the thoroughness of the analysis. This detailed information equips investors with the knowledge needed to make informed decisions based on their financial circ*mstances.
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In conclusion, the article provides a comprehensive overview of dividend taxation, covering the nuances of different dividend types, investment accounts, and income levels. This level of detail, combined with a forward-looking approach and consideration of additional taxes, showcases a high level of expertise in the subject matter. Investors and financial enthusiasts can trust the accuracy and depth of this information to make informed decisions regarding their dividend income and taxation.
